2021), which fossil fuel combustion is in charge of 75% of the emission (Karimi et al. ![]() ![]() It should be considered that the average concentration of carbon dioxide from pre-industrial days up to now has enhanced from 280 to 400 ppm (Karimi et al. 2020a), and as anticipated, the carbon dioxide emission reaches to around 46 Gt in 2030 (Dong et al. Regrettably, the carbon dioxide emission follows an increasing rate, which is now more than 40 Gt, annually (Karimi et al. For instance, only coal firing and natural gas combustion were responsible for about 14.8 and 7.35 Gt global carbon dioxide emissions in 2021, respectively (IEA 2022). 3.īecause of all aforementioned challenges, currently, carbon dioxide with the most significant share in greenhouse gas emissions and global warming is in the center of attentions through scientific efforts. The recent data of different greenhouse gases contributions in climate warming are illustrated in Fig. It is noteworthy that around 66% and 16% of that warming effect is related to carbon dioxide and methane, respectively (Karimi et al. The increasing rate of greenhouse gas emissions has led to a drastic global warming, increasing sea levels, intense natural disasters, forests firing and, melting snows (Karimi et al. In other words, nowadays, the earth’s atmosphere absorbs more energy than the pre-industrial days, around 3.18 W/m 2, which leads to a faster change in the global climate (AGGI 2022). It is worth noting that global energy demand decreased about 4% in 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic compared to 2019 but at the end of 2021, the global energy demand increased 0.5% compared to the before the pandemic level (IEA 2022).īased on the Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) combined warming effect of all greenhouse gases compared to the condition in 1990, after the industrial revolution, the greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere have risen from zero to 1, while in the next 30 years, till 2020, AGGI grew faster and hit 1.47 (AGGI 2022). As can be found, a significant increase in earth temperature has begun since 1980 (NASAClimate 2022a).Īccordingly, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxides, chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and hydrofluorocarbons are considered as the major greenhouse gases, which directly attribute to the global warming (IEA 2022). Figure 1 represents the Global Land–Ocean Temperature Index during the last two centuries. According to data published by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the global surface temperature of earth has increased drastically in the last two decades (NASAClimate 2022a). The United Nations reported that since 1800s, the human activities have had a major role in climate change in a way that the earth is 1.1 ☌ warmer than 1800 (United Nations 2022). The United Nations defines the climate change as the long-term shifts in earth’s temperature and weather pattern, caused by natural or human-made phenomena (United Nations 2022). On the grounds, in this review paper, the most recent advances on the adsorption technology for such purposes have been demonstrated in a holistic and comprehensive way to the scientific community. It is worth noting, carbon dioxide capture from flue gas and biogas upgrading possess an identical process with some differences in carbon dioxide percentage in the gas mixture and the operating conditions whereas the biogas as a clean source of energy, newly, received a notable interest (Baena-Moreno et al. Accordingly in this work, the last topics related to the carbon capture for post-combustion and biogas upgrading processes have been highlighted. However, adsorption technology regarding the efficiency, eco-friendly impacts, simplicity and productivity is among the most favorable ones, while still there is a long way to pass for fully developed in the industrial scale (Xie and Suh 2013 TakhtRavanchi and Sahebdelfar 2014, 2021). To this end, several different technologies have been evaluated including absorption with aqueous amine solutions, adsorption using solid sorbents, cryogenic and membranes. ![]() Accordingly, lately, significant efforts have been made for carbon capture and storage from the stationary sources as well as developing renewable sources of energy, such as biogas to reduce the dependency on the fossil fuels (Yu et al. Recently, the world faces with a dual global challenge including global warming derived from greenhouse gases emission as a consequence of industrialization and fossil fuel consumption, and also escalating level of energy consumption as a result of the exponential population growth (TakhtRavanchi et al.
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